Inspiring Stories Breeder

Let's call him Agus boy armed with only junior high school because he was excited about his education when he had to disappear and stop at the level of junior high because of his father and mother had to split up because of economic problems and familyAgus, who armed only junior high school education then try their luck to migrate to Jakarta.Agus then look for a job in order to gain experience and make money like a friend of a friend sedaerahnya perantauankotaJakartasepertiAgus an educational background in school is only later on accepted as a shopkeeper.Two years went by Agus became a shopkeeper in housing supply store in Coconut gadingJakartautaraTwo successive agus a hometown during Lebaran he can gather with his father and brother in the village to meet with relatives during Lebaran.Agus is a hope that has been supporting his family economically torn between his father and his mother who eventually lived apartTwo years into Overseas agus speculate that he is armed with a diploma junior pocket trying to work hard to meet the expectations of his father.Until one day the father agus agus illness which must be waiting for the sister of agus also be overseas to earn money as a baby sister, because agus was the first child and he finally succumbed to his father waiting in anyway by agus feel that over the past two years as a colony he did not immediately get a result like that is expected.The house is in tempatinya even more worn and unkempt as his father only lived alone while remittances from agus just out for living expenses only.It's hard that natural agus, should agus many others that when simply rely on junior diploma and then to equip themselves looking for a job in Jakarta, of course, must be recognized, at best, well so shop keepers, gardeners, office boy or a class which has to be certainly paying just fit to live, and should jikala the role of family in his hometown would certainly not be sufficient.Agus, who armed only with a junior diploma course impossible to compete overseas as another friend of a friend from his village who pocketed an average high school diploma and be able to work in the factory and company were pretty prestigious company and be able to provide enough salary.Not to mention Agus had to share my thoughts to take care of his father, who was alone in her house is certainly very natural in a dilemma what Agus.Agus finally ventured to menggaduh (maintain the system for the results of the investors he can just take care and half of the profits), Agus then menggaduh goats and simplify their mindset to raise Etawa although at the start with system noise, because Agus yet have the capital to buy a goat.At the beginning he was concerned with the farm is still too stiff and a lot of things he had learned in raising venture Etawa but over time he found his world.It only took a few hours in the day to take care of their animals, of course he can still do other work such as taking care of the garden, etc. The simple he was a farmer and rancher for his daily life.Today he enjoys today as a rancher and a farmer Etawa, imperceptibly two years he has really become goat herders who are quite capable in terms of knowledge in the field of animal husbandry that began Etawa menggaduh, now fewer than eight goats outside the quota goats which he used to repair homes and meet their daily lives and achievements of others now agus been able to buy two-wheeler itself should the youth in our village for his daily mobility activities.Not to mention on the other hand has a lot agus have trees such as mahogany and kekayuan Albasiah he planted selasela she takes care of goats are also an asset of economic wealth for himself.Agus is no longer carrying a GED who just graduated from junior high school to find work, but today he has been able to demonstrate to everyone who ever abused her life because only qualified junior but still can exist independently mengidupi for themselves and their families without relying on an employer or company.Agus ultimately remain grateful even though he qualified junior, but his mind is always embedded mind while he was willing to learn and willing to learn whatever he could to keep abreast of world developments Technologi or any other science, and he diligently follow the development of the Internet even started than Face book then venturing into the world of blogging.Two years later he had become ranchers and farmers is probably not too visible but jikala segnifikan kesuksesanya we compare with my friends sedaerahnya who qualified in the junior high he was still able to gaining him both scientific and socio-economic strata.Life is for learning and disconnect the chain of poverty of learning because we do not want to learn jikala aka lazy will eventually become a lazy fool after fool then becomes unable to continue to be poor and end up becoming desperate ..... disconnect the chain of learningJunior high school graduates may be considered secondary education still, but that is merely a formal diploma, those who do not afford a formal school course jikala they want to learn still able to follow the progress of science everywhere.Today Agus still on the way to be an entrepreneur, and it did not rule Agus would really be a reliable breeder or a businessman Its great in the field of animal husbandry and qualified in the fields of animal husbandry though he only qualified juniorThe story is based on a true story Agus way and aimed to motivate my friends who have dropped out of school in junior high.Agus is very close to me and almost every day also took time to swim across cyberspace hopefully he will find a part of his life in the virtual world as well

Duck breeders

You want to succeed in business plunge duck farm? Success Dewa Gede Putra Darmada embraced this might be one of your inspiration. Everyone else seems to be able to do because the capital is very minimal and can lead you into a successful breeder ducks.Dewa Gede Putra is Darmada, youth born in Gianyar, Bali 21 September 1984 are to start a business raising ducks (Bali) since 2009 and has now managed to reap the success. Dewa Gede Dewo close calls, say, to be successful this business is not difficult, the important thing he said a breeder should be happy with the first duck that has a sense of belonging to a flag with the name of his business bebek.Sesuai god Duwe meaning God Had Duck Duck, Dewo managed to become a supplier of duck pieces in the Gianyar Bali andsurroundings. Their business just starting capital of Rp 50,000 only."From the beginning I was happy with the duck, I'm always happy to see the ducks," said Dewo to detikFinance some time lalu.Dewo who do have a family pet cutting effort, initially just a fad to buy 10 ducks puppies for Rp 30,000, and he also buy concentrate for Rp 20,000 to feed.Unexpected result, pet duck growth rapidly, within 2 months he managed to harvest the results of his labors for USD 500.000.Semenjak it was, he was more eager to play the money, which eventually led him to become the supplier of 1200 ducks per month in Bali with turnover tens of millions per month."Margin dibisnis can harvest ducks once many times," said Dewo which is one of the participant's entrepreneurial Self.He now has 4 pieces each cage with size 4 × 6 meters, where each cage can accommodate 500 ducks. Every two weeks he brought the seeds of Badung Bali, so that he could do the duck harvest once every week.For matters of the cage, Dewo have tips for those who want to start a business duck, which usahan put a small pool in the area of ​​the cage for the purpose of duck bath every day.This is important so that the condition can be kept clean ducks and odorless. Regarding odor, surefire tips Dewo also had the duck cage so as not to disturb the neighbors next door.Condition every morning and afternoon feeding, she mixes papaya sufficiently so dirt duck odorless. Papaya leaves are also nutritious making duck meat will be more tender when cooked, although he warned the portions given sufficient because papaya leaves have a bitter taste is high.Regarding feed the ducks, so far he only rely on duck feeding of food scraps rice restaurant around him that he got for free. In addition, there should be the most important vegetable mixture can be obtained from the remains of the market plus mixed gedebong (stem) dicacak banana that has been boiled."Based on my experience, the duck poultry disease resistance, fed whatever you like. The mortality rate was well below 10%, "he said.To keep the health of ducks against duck diseases that often afflict such as flu, Dewo also has powerful tips to treat the ducks from the flu is to give the batter mix noni leaf duck feed."By my count the cost of production for one to harvest ducks including employees only Rp 14,000," he added.He also said that raising ducks so tempting, especially in Bali many people who still breed only odd duck who just sold to collectors. Meanwhile, he developed the concept of raising ducks is not totally off the duck, but grounded in large numbers so that the growth rate is very fast."If I directly marketed to consumers such as restaurants, pecel catfish, restaurants, clergy and others," said Dewo.Even the word Dewo, when compared to raise chickens, in terms of price, ducks likely never go down the price is pretty good. Currently it sells duck varied, for example duck under 1 kg with the age of one month specifically for catfish sold pecel Rp 25000-30000 per head, aged 2 months sold Rp 35,000, most of which was sold to Rp 60,000 per head for ages 3 monthsup."Frankly, I am now overwhelmed to serve the request, in the Ubud area only demand 1000 birds per day. I can only supply 100, "said the young graduate S-1 Ranch Campus Marwa god.Through tenacity and seriousness, he is now enjoying a growing business. At least she has self-built cage worth $ 14 million in his yard, even Dewo already have a pick-up vehicle itself to sustain its operations.In essence he said cattle business is not difficult, if there is a will certainly be successful. For business capital, he has proven that starting a business is not merely to spend thick."With food waste, we produce high production. Raising not always wear a big budget, "said the young entrepreneur business Mandiri has 6 employees.The market potential duck thinks it is not only in Bali, in many regions, including in Java, there are always opportunities. Demand for the duck dish especially for restaurants continue to rise.Especially for Bali, duck is also used for food in restaurants, duck goose is often used as a substitute for the purposes of worship the Hindu priest. Especially the white duck, which symbolizes the sanctity associated with the god Brahma.

Sheep fatten the "resignation"

H owned lamb fattening Bunyamin always interested consumers. The key, sheep should look healthy and clean.Cimande village, Bogor regency, West Java, is now not only known as a shaman fractures and arts colleges, but also the center for sheep farming. Predicate as sheep farming region came after Haji Bunyamin establish "resignation Farm", a fattening sheep since 1993.Once inside the mouth Cimande village, any visitors or guests to easily find the breeders, because the name is so well known Haji Bunyamin by motorcycle taxi driver who hung in there. Farms pioneered by Haji Bunyamin ranging from small-jecilan, now has developed rapidly. There currently are 1200 sheep, which were placed in five wooden cage. All cages maintained clean, not even the smell of lamb.

 Bunyamin used to receive guests in a room where he once worked, which is directly in front of the sheepfold. Guests who visit there come from all walks of life. Students majoring in animal husbandry Padjadjaran University and Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), for example, often make Bunyamin farm as an internship. Similarly, employees who retire, as employees of Bank Indonesia and BRI, had come to learn how to raise sheep in preparation effort when retirement arrives.
 "But I myself do not have knowledge. I just artisan free-range, "said Bunyamin modestly. Fattened sheep Bunyamin was already known, not only in Bogor but up to Tangerang and Jakarta. Usually the sheep go to a restaurant for soup or satay, and also for sacrifice on Eid-ul-Adha.
 For restaurants in the area to highlight Ciawi alone, there are 32 restaurants that offer soup and goat satay. According to a survey conducted Haji Kadir, an owner of the restaurant specialized in providing soup and satay in Cisarua, for the needs of all the restaurants in the region needed 560 sheep per day or 560 tails in a week. The restaurant belongs to Haji Kadir only need eight sheep per day, and that night of the week can be up to 14 individuals.
 "In order to met the needs of the restaurant from the market peak Ciawi until I just could not. My intention at only two days a week, "I Bunyamin. Price per kilo lamb Rp 17,500. However, entering the month of Hajj can be increased to Rp 25 thousand per kilogram. At the farmer level, the sheep was calculated kilogram.
Despite 14 years in the sheep fattening, Bunyamin was still not deserve to be called as a successful sheep breeder. For him, a successful farmer one must persayaratannya already own the land, where planting grass lamb as a main dish.For the time being to meet the needs of feed his sheep, Bunyamin still have to find grass to other areas around Cimande. However, during the dry season the location where the grass further away, so that should add to the burden of transportation. At least, in a day, 120 bags of grass should be provided for all the sheep, which were fed twice, morning and afternoon.No wonder if the sheep belong Bunyamin looked healthy. The feathers are not allowed to grow sheep unkempt. When the sheep from residents who bought into the farm, should let clean shaven. Her nails cut regularly. De-worming is also routinely given to clear the contents of his stomach. Because, according to retired civil servants in Bogor District Health Office, almost all residents kept goats definitely worm disease.Sheep healthy and well groomed is a special attraction for consumers. "They will be satisfied with sheep like this," said the man born in Cianjur, West Java, this May 2, 1956. Especially if you see Garut sheep or lamb agile often referred specifically to lamb fights. Price seed alone could reach $ 3 million. In Bunyamin's farm, Garut sheep prices are determined by the "tongkrongannya". That is, if it looks nice and clean Garut lamb prices could reach Rp 15 million.The success Bunyamin wrestle fattening sheep, sheep originated from a hobby to maintain. When it was in 1990, Bunyamin maintain six sheep in his backyard. When the pilgrim arrives Eid, he cut three heads and three tails sell more. Apparently, sales of three tail gives a nice profit, so it occurred to him to carry on the sale of sheep.Finally, in 1993, founded the resignation Bunyamin Farm. To place Bunyamin buy land maintenance in installments, not far from his home is now used as stables and where its employees live 20 people.But despite this success, Bunyamin actually had trauma in the livestock business. The story occurred between 1982 hingga1987, father of a son to open a business broilers. The number of chicken pieces, when it reached 110 thousand heads. Until 1985 his business was a success, so Bunyamin managed to buy two trucks and a pick-up vehicle to transport livestock and other purposes.However, when entering 1986, chicken feed prices began to rise, while the selling price of chicken in the market each harvest plummeted precisely. As a result, production costs are not covered by the income. At the same time he also had to contend with the employer class poultry conglomerate with capital equipment and strong. "Finally I broke," Bunyamin story about his past. Two transport trucks and all, and all farm equipment sold dijual.Bunyamin call it fall or bankruptcy as the "pegged chicken".Still no luck when it Bunyamin no debt. While there his fellow broiler breeders more tragic. According to the story but a different mother, no broiler breeder died suddenly in surprise, and some are having to sell their home and move to a shack that was previously used for raising chickens.Painful experience that makes Bunyamin increasingly wary in choosing the type of livestock to the effort. He was then choosing fattening sheep. Because, he believes, will give him luck sheep. "Because the price is stable," he said optimistically. Hopefully.

Stories Cultivation Experience Cuttle Fish Catfish Sangkuriang with Media Outdoor Canopy

Sangkuriang livestock farming catfish is one of the cattle business in the last post I anticipated (gaya.com) moncer in 2012. As expected promising business opportunities, livestock sangkuriang catfish is also considered likely to be many businesses, either as a side or principal.
Not escape one kompasianer Mas Gilang S Ramdhani also recounted his experience in animal breeding catfish pond tarp sangkuriang media. Although it may be the main objective to empower rural communities, but the story follows sangkuriang catfish farming may be an inspiration business. Please:

    Finally confusion chose usahapun land lost because I decided to invest in one of the villages in the district Contribute Banyumas, precisely in the village Karanggintung.
Only with about approximately Rp. 500,000 for making a pool tarp to tarp the size of 5 x 4 m below lelenya fingerlings, which I cultivated oia catfish are catfish types sangkuriang.
Thank God I feel proud, because the original plan to empower local economy desapun already visible from the making of the pond, when the manufacturing stage with some people I empower rural society, such as for bamboo harvesting, soil leveling, transporting organic fertilizers, and so forth.
Currently there are 3 swimming alhamdulilah ready to fill with seeds, but even though the pool is filled with water can not be directly planting seeds, because there is a process of fertilization, to cultivate microorganisms that would be a meal of catfish, catfish because I do use organic techniques , and also conducted the pond liming to neutralize the pH of the water.
For me to run a business is the main capital is not money or anything, but the capital desperate! particularly daring in experience and knowledge, to be honest I was running this business only with google, books, and asked here and there (bodo alewoh).
The next second capital is hard working capital, who said easily run this business? hehehe ... and further capital sure! Degree S. Ramdhani

mikrobilogi hasil ternak

-         Ekologi : ilmu yang mengelola hubungan timbal balik interaksi dalam suatu hubungan. / ilmu yang mengelola tentang keseimbangan kehidupan.

-         Ekosistem : kompleksistem interaksi dari hubungan diatas.

Potensi terkontaminasi mikroba

Secara structural telur itu dilindungi cangkang, bening (antibakteri).

Proses terjadinya kerusakan telur itu dari sederhana ke kompleks.

Kalau pada daging bisa terjadi dari kompleks ke seberhana. Tetapi dari aspek mikrobianya, dari sederhana ke kompleks.

Exp ; susu difermentasi (asam laktat).

Susu merupakan cairan dengan tingkat keasaman yang kompleks.

Cemaran mikrobia pada hasil ternak. Yaitu : coliform, Escherichia coli, enterococci, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium sp, salmonella sp, champhylobacter sp, dan losteria sp.

Jika daging di perlakukan penyembelihan dengan cara yang ekstrim maka daging akan lebih cepat busuk, hal ini dikarenakan darah yang mengalir keluar tidak lancer atau tersendat sehingga menyebabkan daging lebih capat busuk karena darah merupakan media bakteri yang baik.

Kerusakan kondisi aerob

-         Lendir di permukaan

Penyebab : pseudomonas, acinetobacter, alcaligenes, moraxella, streptococcus, leuconostoc, bacillus, mictococcus.

-         Perubahan warna/pigmen daging

·       Merah berubah menjadi hijau, coklat, abu-abu, akibat dari senyawa yang mengoksidasi (peroksida, hydrogen sulfide, dll).

Penyebabnya : lactobacillus, leuconostoc. Penyebab warna hijau pada sosis.

-         Perubahan pada lemak

·       Lemak oksidasi tengik (rancid)

·       Bakteri lipolitik memercepat oksidasi tengik (aldehid-asam)

Kerusakan pada daging itu dimulai dari protein, karbohidrat, baru ke lain2.

Kerusakan daging

Penyebab : enzimatis, oksidasi, aktivitas mikroba.

Mikroba masuk ke dalam jaringan tubuh hewan dipengaruhi : isi usus, kondisi fisiologis hewan sebelum disembelih, metode penyembelihan dan penuntasan darah, kecuali pendinginan.

Sumber kontaminan mikro (Narasimha Rao, 1982)

Sumber	Total bakteri (log cfu/cm2)
RPH tradisional Pisau Lantai Tangan Air (log cfu/ml)	3,6-4,0 3,0-4,5 2,5-3,0 4,0-5,0
Retail shop Chopping knife Chopping block hands	3,8-4,3 5,5-7,5 2,4-3,2
Modern Pisau Air Lantai tangan Cutting table	1,0-1,5 1,0-2,0 1,5-2,0 1,0-1,5 1,0-2,0

Mana yang lebih dominan kontaminasi bakterinya yang diasap atau yang difermentasi?
jawab :

Bakteri yang bersifat pathogen terdegradasi oleh bakteri asam laktat yang ada pada daging yang difermentasi sehingga kerusakan atau kontaminasi bakteri, sehingga daging yang diasap lebih dominan terkontaminasi.

Daging itu kandungan seratnya rendah sehingga lama dicerna oleh usus.

Jumlah mikroba pada musim pemotongan berbeda (Narashima Rao, 1982)

	Rata-rata jumlah (log cfu/cm2)
	summer	winter
TPC (total plate count)	6,2	6,1
califorms	4,4	4,3
staphylococci	5,2	5,0
enterococci	4,4	4,4

Hewan  saat dipotong pada saat panas mengeluarkan energy. Sehingga menjadi sumber kontaminan yang baik bagi bakteri. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya perubahan energy yang memicu kinerja daripada enzim yang dibakar pada autolysis. Karena disitulah memberikan peluang mikrobia berkembang lebih cepat pada kondisi autolysis.

Susu

Susu merupakan media yang sangat bagus untuk terkontaminasinya setelah daging dan telur.

Dalam proses pencemaran susu, indikasinya antara lain keasaman. Tingkat keasaman susu segar masih rendah daripada susu yang tercemar. Selanjutnya adalah lendir juga merupakan indikasi pencemaran susu.

komposisi	Kadungan (%)
Air	87
Padatan total	13
Padatan bukan lemak	9
Lemak	4
Laktosa	4,7
Protein	3,5
mineral	0,8

mikroba indicator

1.    Mikroba indicator keamanan. Yang mencakup mikroorganisme pathogen yang sering ditemukan pada produk hasil ternak.

2.    Mikroba indicator sanitasi pengolahan. Yang mencakup mikkroorganisme yang mencemari selama pengolahan.

3.    Mikroba indicator kebusukan. Yang mencakup penetapan daya tahan simpan suatu produk hasil ternak (masa kadaluarsa suatu produk).

Produk daging dan unggas

Bertujuan untuk menjamin keamanan secara mikrobiologis, mengetahui kondisi sanitasi selama pengolahan , dan daya simpan produk

Daging unggas (biasanya pseudomonas) yang pertama tercemar pertama kali yaitu kulit, sedangkan telur (biasanya pseudomonas, bakteri dan kapang), pencemaran nya juga pertama kali pada kulit.

Mikroorganisme indicator untuk produk daging dan unggas

Indicator keamanan kalau ada salmonella biasanya pada produk dengan kadar garam tinggi, mentah dan setengah matang. Dan juga staphylococcus pada produk dengan kadar garam tinggi juga, dan juga clostridium perfringens juga pada produk dengan kadar garam tinggi, dibakar/ dipanggang.

Pada indicator saniatasi, bakterinya koliform yang merupakan indicator bahwa pangan tercemar oleh kotoran (feses).  Bakteri eschericia coli, serta bakteri enterococcus.

Pada indicator kebusukan mikroorganisme yang berperan kapang dan khamir, bakteri asam laktat dan pseudomonas.

Indicator keamanan pangan

Cara yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan keamanan produk daging dan unggas.

1.    Penetapan proses terkontrol, evaluasi proses dan identifikasi titik kritis yang harus dikontrol. Terdapat 2 titik koktrol kritis. A. penggunaan waktu dan suhu yang tepat saat pemanasan dan pendinginan, b. mencegah kontaminasi silang daging mendah ke daging yang telah masak.

2.    Formulasi produk. Bahan yang ditambahkan untuk

Indicator sanitasi

·       Dilakukan setelah pengolahan

·       Dilakukan pengujian terhadap peralatan dan bahan untuk mengetahui sumber pencemaran

·       Mentah atau siap dimakan

Indicator kebusukan

·       Daya tahan dapat diketahui dari kandungan mikroorganisme. Dipengaruhi oleh jenis produk, komposisi produk, proses termal yang diterapkan, cara pengepakan, suhu dan waktu penyimpanan.

Salmonella

·       Termasuk mikroorganisme fakultatif yang tidak membentuk spora

·       Sumber utamanya usus hewan

·       Kontaminasi pada pemrosesan yang kotor/tidak bersih.

Staphylococcus

·       Fakultatif dan tidak membenttuk spora, berpasangan dan bergerombol.

·       Umumnya terdapat di berbagai bagian tubuh manusia temasuk hidung, tenggorokan dan kulit.

·       Kontaminasi pada bahan pangan terjadi pada proses yang tidak bersih

Clostridium perfringens

·       Bntuk batang, tidak memiliki flagella, dan membentuk spora, tunggal dan berpasangan,

·       Terdapat di alam

·       Pada proses yang kotor kontaminasninya

Eschericia coli

·       Berasal dari kotoran hewan dan manusia

·       Kontaminasi pada proses yang kotor

Produk susu

Indicator dalam kontaminasi kotoran, sanitasi selama pemerahan, suhu penyimpanan, sanitasi alat2 dan proses pengolahan.

Sifat mutu mikrobiologi produk susu dipengaruhi oleh :

1.    Cara konsumsi, mentah atau dipanaskan

2.    Proses pemanasan yang diterapkan

3.    Kondisi pengolahan, alamiah atau terkontrol

4.    Cara penyimpanan selama penjualan

5.    Penambahan bahan pengawet

6.    Keadaan dispersi air di dalam produk (lemak dalam air atau air dalam lemak)

7.    Umur simpan produk

8.    Perbedaan pH

9.    Penambahan kultur mikroorganisme

Sub lethal injury

Kerusakan sel yang tidak mematikan, jadi sel mikroorganisme atau bakteri mengalami sakit atau stress. Akan sembuh dan berkembang biak dalam keadaan yang normal.

Dosis sublethal

Merupakan dosis yang tidak mematikan tapi dapat mengakibatkan sel mengalami kerusakan sublethal sehingga menderita sakit atau stress.

1.    Pemanasan

Pasteurisasi, penguapan, pencucian alat, pengeringan
pasteurisasi suhu rendah, staphylococcus

Pemanasan, salmonella, e. colly, streptococcus, enterobacter, clostridium

2.    Pendinginan

>0^oC , S. aures, streptococcus lactis, colostridium perfringens

3.    Pembekuan dan pelelehan

<0^oC

4.    Pengeringan beku (liofilisasi)

5.    Pengurangan air

Menyerupai pengeringan beku

6.    Kondisi nutrisi

Kondisi subtract dan tekanan osmotic, menyerupai kerusakan yang diakiatkan oleh pengeringan

7.    Irradiasi

Terjadi baik dalam penggunaan irradiasi ultra violet baik dalam proses sanitasi maupun secara tidak langsung dengan sinar matahari

8.    Bahan  pengawet

Asam untuk staphylococcus aures, basa untuk c. botilenum

Perubahan sel yang mengalami sub lethal injury

·       Pertumbuhan

Tidak mampu berkembang pada kondisi lingkungan yang normal. Misalnya tidak dapat membentuk koloni pada medium padat dan menimbulkan kekeruhan pada medium cair.

·       Sensitivitas terhadap senyawa selektif dan antimikroba

Contoh. Ketahanan akan garam akan hilang pada S. aures dan E. coli yang mengalami sublethal injury

·       Kebocoran sel

Hilangnya sebagian komponen2 sel akan mengakibatkan sel kehilangan kemampuan untuk tumbuh dan berkembang biak.

·       Perubahan makromolekul

Makromolekul yang mungkin mengalami perubahan yaitu RNA (ribosom) dan DNA yang mengalami degradasi

·       Perubahan aktivitas metabolism

Berupa penurunan kemampuan dalam memecah sel, melakukan transport melalui membrane dan penurunan aktivitas enzim yang penting dalam metabolism.

Kerusakan sublethal pada spora

·       Spora, lebih tahan terhadap stress yang disebabkan oleh proses pengolahan, mampu melakukan germinasi dan tumbuh menjadi sel vegetative

·       Kerusakan sublethal---perubahan dalam melakukan germinasi, kemampuan tumbuh pada kondisi normal.

Metode cepat dalam analisis mikrobiologi pangan

1.    Metode biokimia

·       Metode luminometri

Pengukuran jumlah ATP yang merupakan hasil metabolism mikroorganisme

Dibutuhkan pereaksi yang mengandung 2 komponen penting yaitu

a.     Luciferin (LH₂) : menyebabkan lisisnya sel dan melepas ATP

b.    Enzim luciferase : enzim yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan sinar kunang2

Cara kerjanya yaitu sample disaring dengan penyaring vakum, masukkan ke kuvet, masukkan ke luminometer (luciferin dan luciferase)

·       Uji katalase

Prinsip menggunakan enzim katalase. Biasanya ada pada bakteri aerobic. Untuk menguji keadaan bakteri aerobic. Secara reaksi menggunakan hydrogen peroksida. Katalase sudah dimiliki mikroorganisme itu sendiri. Setelah bereaksi timbul 0₂ dan H₂O.

·       Kit diagnostic

Contoh : uji coba bakteri pathogen dan identifikasi bakteri

Prinsip sama dengan metode konvensional, tapi medium sedikit, waktu lebih pendek.

Uji terhadap Enterobacteriaceaedan gram negative lainnya : menggunkan 23 macam uji biokimia untk mendeteksi koloni, substrat kering ditempatkan dalam tabung mini, ditambahkan degnan suspense bakteri dengan indicator warna pada tabung, dicocokkan dengan table, inkubasi 18-24 jam.

E. Coli : swab dijenuhkan dengan masing2 pereaksi diinokulasi denganisolat mikkroorganisme diambil dari medium padat, ditempatkan dalam tabung yang berisi buffer, diinkubasi 30 menit, aktivitas enzim dilihat dari reaksi, waktu 1 jam.

·       Analisis fotometrik terhadap perubahan biokimia

Bakteri yang biasa dipakai bakteri gram negative bacillus, bakteri gram positif coccus dan bacillus, khamir, bakteri aerobic, berdasarkan sistem computer.

Prinsip kerja : dari reaksi biokimia yang ada pada mikroorganisme dapat diidentifikasi sel mikroorganisme dan konsentrasinya. Intinya menggunakan sinar untuk reaksi biokimianya

·       Metode mug (4-metibumbeliferil-beta-D-glukoronida)

Merupakan komponen yang dapat dihidrolisa oleh enzim glukoronidase dan menghasilkan produk yang bersifat fluorogenik.

Enzim glukoronidase biasa diproduksi oleh E. Coli, salmonella dan shigella. Caranya yaitu MUG  dituangkan dalam medium agar dan diinkubasi selama 4-24 jam dan dilakukan pengamatan di bawah sinar UV gel tinggi. Bakteri sebagai fluorosense.

2.    Metode biofisika

·       Metode impedimetri

Prinsip : mikroorganisme menghasilkn komponen2 metabolit selama proses pertumbuhan.

·       DEFT (Direct Epifluoroscence Filter Technique)

Untuk menghitung secara cepat jumlah mikroorganisme di dalam makanan dan merupakan gabungan dari metode membrane filtrasi dan mikroskopi fluorosence

·       Mikrokalorimeter

Menggunakan panas yang diproduksi oleh proses katabolisme mikkroorganisme saat proses pertumbuhan. Cara yaitu dengan membuat korelasi antara jumlah absolute sel mikroorganisme dengan termogram.

·       Radiometri dan spektrofotometri infrared

Radiometri digunakan untuk mendeteksi mikroorganisme hidup yang ditumbuhkan pada medum yang mengandung substrat isotopic. Spektrofotometri infrared mendeteksi CO₂ yang diproduksi selama proses metabolism mikkroorganisme.

·       Elektroforesis

Teknik pemisahan protein pada gel menjadi pita2 polipeptida dengan menggunakan muatan listrik.

·       Khromatografi gas

Untuk pemisahan dan deteksi senyawa2 organik yang mudah menguap dan senyawa2 gas anorganik

·       Metode filtrasi membrane

Untuk mendeteksi adanya mikroorganisme tertentu dalam makanan, contoh salmonella, koliform dan koliform fekal.

3.    Metode imunoasai

·       Metode radioimunoasai

·       Metode antibody fluorosens

·       Metode eliza (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)

Ketiga metode prinsipnya sama yaitu mikkoorganisme mengandung komponen yang bersifat antigen ( komponen yang dapat merangsang terbentuknya antibody dalam tubuh imonoasai, reaksi serologi (pembentukan kompleks Ag-Ab)misalnya ; reaksi aglutinasi pasif, fiksasi komplemen, reaksi pengendapan.

4.    Metode hibridisasi DNA

Untuk mendeteksi bakteri dalam makanan secara tepat dan teliti

Prinsipnya menggunakan prob, DNA, DNA ulir tunggal yang diberi label radiokatif DNA ulir radioaktif memiliki pola urutan base yang tepat dengan DNA organism yang diuji

Apabila dicampur akan terjadi hibridisasi membentuk ulir ganda berlabel

Dideteksi dan diukur.