Senin, 19 November 2012

Testimonials Kemaludin, Doctor "Endog" from Tasikmalaya

He was only 25 years old. Last education was only madrasah aliyah. However, doctors call "endog" aka doctors egg has attached to the Kemaludin, of Kampung Sukahurip, Sinagar Village, District Sukaratu, Tasikmalaya regency, West Java. Patients were hundreds incubator duck eggs, duck farmers and farm workers in Tasikmalaya agencies.
Since 2009, Kemaludin like a lamp for anyone who wants to incubate duck eggs. Various questions about hatching eggs duck replied happily, without pay. Stalls, post ronda, houses, and his own place is often the classroom. Usually, it brings the tool checks eggs made their own. It was made of a 10 watt fluorescent bulbs wrapped in thick paper.Kemaludin said, there are some important things he always stressed to check the eggs. It's them maintain ideal temperatures 36-37 degrees celsius, discipline inspection time eggs, and how to train the sensor nose and hands to check whether or not there is a rotten egg.
Mentoring was not in vain. Alone incubate the eggs three years ago, is now about 200 residents Sukaratu pursue this field. Housewives, unemployed youth, and low-income workers already enjoy the benefits of the hatchery business."One person at least 300 eggs hatched per month with capital of about USD 1.5 million. After the sale, usually egg incubator can benefit Rp 500,000 to Rp 600,000 per month, "said Kemaludin.
Lack of capitalKemaludin engagement with affected hatchery continued lack of school fees. After deciding to work for three years in Samarinda, Depok and Jakarta, Kemaludin see Sukaratu duck breeders often difficult to get chicks. Farmers must buy ducklings to other districts in the District of Tasikmalaya, even down to the city of Tasikmalaya."From there I think I can take advantage of that opportunity. Desperate because the actual capital cost and knowledge collide hatching duck eggs, "he said.
Late in 2008, Kemaludin began preparing ammunition. Armed with money saving USD 500,000, he bought a book about hatching eggs, ask the local duck farmers and traders to price surveys duck eggs and chicks. Currently, the biggest obstacle is the need for media hatching. When purchasing an artificial hatchery equipment manufacturer, needed capital to Rp 1.5 million to Rp 2 million per unit. The amount is not possible when he got it.
His brain was forced to think. Until one time he saw his brother clothes closet that is not used anymore. She was creative with existing tools. By adding three powerful 5 watt lamps and thermometers, Kemaludin transform it into the media cabinet with a capacity of 300 emergency hatching eggs.
Initially, the method was not running as smooth as expected. After 28 days of incubation, only 100 of the 200 eggs hatched eggs. The rest is rotten and not hatch. The reason, electricity is often broken in Sukaratu. Within a day, power outages can cause hours without bound. As a result, the eggs do not get the ideal warm temperatures to trigger the death of the fetus."Dead or rotten eggs should be removed because it is dangerous ruin another egg. Ammonia gas of rotten eggs may infect other eggs, "he said.
To overcome the problem of broken electrical connection, Kemaludin innovate with cooking oil. Put under incubation medium, heat cooking oil into fuel alternative fuels egg warmers. The results are satisfactory. When the power fails, the egg gets warmth from the fire made from used cooking oil. "The failure rate of hatching eggs can be reduced to 2-3 per cent," he said.
Youth pioneerSlowly, the number of eggs hatched more and provide greater economic benefits. The advantage, is used to create a new hatchery media. Technical development carried out to maximize the hatchery.
He was then modify the hatching media style wardrobe that. Kemaludin make special wooden cabinet level four measuring 124 x 70 x 60 centimeters. Cabinets with dimensions like that can accommodate 500-600 eggs. The new hatchery Media has five powerful 5 watt bulbs, thermometers, circuit breaker when the temperature is too high, and hygrometers to measure humidity hatching media.The eggs were hatched multiply. Within a month, she could hatch 5,000 eggs with a turnover of USD 15 million per month. Duck hatching results 2-3 days old sold at Rp 6,500 per head for the females and $ 2,500 per head for males. Almost nothing remains as before hatching, the eggs were already booked breeder ducks.
"Once there was an order from the largest airline catering company in Indonesia. They asked 1000 ducks per day. Forced to be rejected because we have not been able to provide, "said Kemaludin.Success will empower the brain and play around cause positive recognition. Innovation creation tool is simple hatching embrace him and Youth Pioneers Tasikmalaya district of West Java in 2011 in the field of appropriate technology. He set aside the work of another young man cashed dozens of times larger.However, Kemaludin said would not snobby. Through group Mekar Jaya Poultry Hatchery Sukaratu initiated with his friends, he invites village youth who do not work and earn minimal effort to incubate the eggs. The incubation media granted for the use of all members.
"Now there is only one media turns hatching played once a month to 30 members. Priority is given to those who have had the hatching medium. If we had the money, I want to make some more, "he said.
In addition, he is also still learning about the increased economic value of duck eggs, such as processed foods and process them into ducks enlargement."A lot of homework has not been completed. Hopefully, in the midst of limited capital, we can continue to innovate to improve the local economy, "said Kemaludin.

Minggu, 18 November 2012

TELUR TETAS


Pull chick

Management yang harus dilakukan dan diperhatikan yaitu:
Kriteria dan syarat pull chick :
-          Semua telur secara keseluruhan sudah menetas
-          DOC sudah dipanen saat masih 5% basah disekitar bulu leher
-          Navel (pusar) sudah menutup rapat dan kering

-          Analisis DIS (mati dalam shell) dan culled chick

Pada waktu panen saat menindahkan anak ayam ke bbox akan ditemyi pada tay mesin hatcher beberapa telur tidak menetas.
Kumpulkan telur2 tersebut dan hitung jumlahnya dan cacat per masing-masing kandang. Data ini akan digunakan untuk evaluasi hasil penetasan dan rencana perbaikan ke depan.


-          Hal2 yang menyebabkan telur tidak menetas :

1.       DIS (mati dalam shell)
2.       Telur busuk (tapi tidak menetas)
3.       Telur retak pada saat transfer, karena handling yang kasar
4.       Telur infertile (pengambilan infertile tidak sempurna)
5.       Telur piping (mati saat mematuk cangkang)
6.       Telur late (terlambat menetas dan masih hidup)
Pada waktu panen juga DOC afkir. Lakukan seleksi/pemisahan dan hitung jumlahnya per masing2 kandang agar diketahui penyebab culled chick.

-          Grading dan seleksi DOC

Seleksi DOC adalah memilih DOC yang berkulitas dan banyak dijual sekaligus melakukan klasifikasi grade yang telah ditetapkan.

Tanda2 DOC yang baik :

1.       Pusarnya kering dan tertutup baik
2.       Sisik kaki berwarna kuning dan cerah dan tidak kering
3.       Tingkah lakunya lincah, responsive dan warna bulu tidak kusam
4.       Besarnya relative sama sehingga beratnya kira2 hampir sama. Berat DOC yang baik 65-69% dari bobot telur yang awal (fresh egg).
5.       Tidak ada cacat fisik atau abnormal fisik
6.       Mata cerah dan terang. Pusat  bersih dan kering dari yolk sac atau membrane yang menonjol
7.       Hidung anak ayam bersih dan tidak ada bulu2 kecil menempel. Ini menunjukkan pernapasan yang baik.
8.       Cepat beradaptasi terhadap perubahan2 lingkungan yang minor dan mampu bereaksi normal dengan vaksin aktif yang diberikan.

Biaya penetasan anak unggas :

1.       Biaya buruh
2.       Listrik
3.       Penyusutan alat2
4.       Kardus untuk packing ayam.
5.       Pemotongan paruh, sexing dan perawatan
6.       Administrasi termasuk pajak dan bunga bank
7.       Makan siang pegawai
8.       Tak terduga 10%
Struktur dan komposisi telur
1.       Kuning telur/yolk
2.       Putih telur/albumen
3.       Membran sel
4.       Kerabang telur
Kuning telur (31%)
1.       Latebra : pertautan antara discus germinalis dengan yolk
2.       Discus germinalis
Putih telur (58%)
1.       Khalaziferus (3% dari albumen): berhubungn dengan kuning telur dan chalaze, sangat tipis dan halus
2.       Inner thin….
Membrane shell
-          Bagian yang keras dan fibrous
Kerabang telur (11%)
-          Keras, melindungi isi telur dan embrio dari gangguan baik fisik maupun kimiawi
-          Terdapat kutikula
Tebal 10-30 mikrometer
Menghambat penetrasi organism melalui pori
Menghambat masuknya zat2 dari luar yang menghambat pertumbuhan telur.
-          Terdapat pori2 (7000-17000/ butir)
Embrio dapat bernapas
Terjadi penguapan
Masuknya cairan dari luar
Tebal tergantung dari factor genetic dan lingkungan (pakan, suhu dn penyakit)
-          Pigmen shell terdapat pada lapisan spongy layer


Manajemen usaha ternak unggas
Literature
-          Commercial chicken production manual. By: Mack. O. North and Donald. Bell.
-          Poultry production. By: Card…………

Penentuan lokasi komplek usaha :

1.       Temperatur lingkungan (15-27oC)
2.       Tanah : diperlukan yang harganya murah dan perluasan usaha. Juga dengan drainase yang bagus (tidak becek).
3.       Apakah dekat atau jauh  dengan pasar
Untuk mempermurah biaya traansportasi, mengurangi resiko kerusakan dan persediaan bahan pakan dll jadi mudah.
4.       Adanya jalan penghubung
Untuk
5.       Adanya sumber air
6.       Jauh dari polusi dan keramaian
Jauh dari rumah potong, tempat sampah, karena mengandung banyak bakteri yang dapat merugikan ternak.
7.       Ada ijin dari lingkungan setempat.
Penentuan lokasi kandang : agak tinggi
Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam pembuatan kandang
-          Masalah biologi ternak yang akan menempati kandang itu seumur hidup.
-          Masalah teknik pertukangan yang berhubungan dengan bentuk dan kualitas bahan. Kalau kita mw membuat kandang yang sederhana maka kita harus mencari bahan dan tukang yang sederhana pula sehingga dapat menekan biaya.
-          Masalah ekonomi yang berhubungann dengan masalah harga bahan kandang yang mampu tertutupi/ kembali dengan biaya produksi. Namun usahakaln bangunan yang kita bangun kuat.
























 Syarat bahan litter (exp. Jerami, sekam, serbuk gergaji, dll) :

-          Mudah mengisap air
-          Murah harganya
-          Mudah di dapat dan tersedia sepanjang tahun
-          Tidak menyebabkan timbulnya debu
Keburukan litter
-          Litter yang becek bagus untuk pertumbuhan mikro organism
-          Untuk petelur, telur becek menyebabkan telur kotor.
-          Jumlah ayam yang ditampung lebih sedikit daripada kandang battery.
Karena pada litter ada kotoran ayam yang terfermentasi sehingga udara jauh lebih panas. Juga dag bisa dijaadikan tingkat.
-          Pada waktu tertentu litter harus dibolak balik agar litter tetap dalam keadaan porous.

Hal-hal yang menyebabkan perubahan kondisi litter :

-          Density meningkat
-          Ventilasi kurang baik
-          Udara dalam kandang panas, sehingga ayam perlu banyak minum
-          Ada atap / tempat minum yang bocor

Keuntungan litter :

-          Tidak perlu membersihkan setiap hari
-          Ruangan lebih hangat
-          Litter yang baik kandungan cacing can coccidian kurang.
-          Mendapatkan makanan tambahan
-          Amoniak yang timbul dapat dikurangi
-          Dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk
-          Ayam broiler dengan menggunakan litter kejadian breast blister berkurang.

Kelebihan lantai berlubang :

-          Lantai selalu bersih
-          Penularan penyakit dapat dicegah.
-          Lebih mudah mengetahui bila anak ayam terkena penyakit saluran pencernaan.
-          Jumlah ayam yang diperlihara lebih banyak.
-          Telur bersih dari kotoran.

Kekurangan lantai berlubang :

-          Kandang harus dibersihkan setiap minggu jadi memerlukan tenaga kerja yang banyak.
-          Jika ransum yang diberikan tidak sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan akan mudah penyakit defisiensi.
-          Kotoran yang berjatuhan dilantai bisa menyebabkan lalat dan lain2.
Kebutuhan luas lantai kandang
Factor2 yang memengaruhi carrying capacity
-          Jenis unggas
-          Umur ternak
-          Jenis kelamin
-          Jenis lantai kandang

Managemen pemeliharaan ayam :

Sistem pemeliharaan ternak ayam yang umum dilakukan
1.       Sistem pemeliharaan ekstensif
Tidak ada campur tangan peternak dalam pemeliharaannya. Ayam dilepas mencari pakan sendiri. Kebanyakan dilakukan masyarakat di pedesaan.
2.       Sistem pemeliharaan semi intensif
Sudah ada campur tangan peternak terutama dalam pemberian pakan tapi masih dilepas untuk mencari pakan tambahan, sudah menerapkan pengetahuan untuk meningkatkan produksi. Dilakukan oleh peternak rakyat di pedesaan.
3.       Sistem pemeliharaan intensif
Sistem pemeliharaan terbaik dengan hasil yang terbaik. Peternak sangat berperan dalam kehidupan ayam. Segala kebutuhan ayam disediakan peternak.

Secara umum pemeliharaan ayam petelur terbagi menjadi 3 tahap pemeliharaan yaitu:

1.       Pemeliharaan anak ayam kecil (starter)
umur 1 hari sampai 6 atau 8 minggu termasuk masa brooding selama 1-3 minggu.
2.       Pemeliharaan ayam remaja/pertumbuhan (grower/developer)
Umur 8-20 minggu.
3.       Pemeliharaan ayam masa produksi (layer)
Umur 21 sampai 70 minggu.

Persiapan pemeliharaan anak ayam :

1.       Litter bekas diganti dengan litter baru
2.       Kandang dibersihakan ddari kotoran dan disucihamakan. Lebih baik diikuti dengan pengapuran dan dikosongkan selama 1-2 minggu. Penyucihamaan dimaksudkan untuk membunuh bibit penyakit dan pengosongan selama 2 minggu untuk memotong siklus  hidup dari bibit penyakit yang masih tertinggal.
3.       Semua alat2 yang akan dipakai dibersihkan dan didesinfeksi. Jika memungkinkan keluarkan peralatan dan dijemur. Setelah kering dikembalikan ke kandang.
4.       Alat pemanas (brooder) perlu disiapkan sebelum anak ayam tiba dari perusahaan penetasan (minimal sekitar 1 jam sebelumnya).
5.       Air minum harus disediakan dalam jumlah yang cukup. Temperature air minum harus lebih besar dari 18oC. Harus diberikan larutan air gula 8%. Jika anak ayam stress maka berikan larutan elektrolit dan vitamin selama 3-4 hari pertama.
6.       Sediakan ransum untuk ayam setelah 3 jam diberikan air minum.

Pemeliharaan anak ayam

Pertumbuhan ayam yang optimal ditentukan oleh performance anak ayam yang baik. Untuk mendapatkan maka perlu dipilih anak ayam dengan kondisi sebagai berikut.
-          Pilih anak ayam yang sehat yang ditunjukkan oleh mata yang bersih dan bercahaya. Mata yang redup dan seperti mengantuk menunjukkan anak ayam tidak sehat.
-          Bebas dari cacat tubuh
-          Bulu bersih dan penuh
-          Anusnya kering
-          Menetas tepat pada waktunya (hari ke-21). Sebab jika menetas lebih lambat umumnya kurang baik daya hidupnya.
-          Jika dijatuhkan ke lantai dapat berdiri dengan cepat, anak ayam yang lemah agak sulit untuk mengangkat badannya.

Pemeliharaan anak ayam (petelur)

Untuk memeroleh pertumbuhan yang baik dan kematian yang serendah mungkin dari anak-anak ayam yang dipelihara. Pemeliharaan periode starter yaitu pemeliharaan anak ayam yang dimulai dari umur 1 hari sampai dengan 6-8 minggu. Pada periode starter ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan sebagai berikut :
-          Kandang terisolasi
Kalau kandangnya di kompleks pemeliharaan ayam tempatnya mestinya ada jarak dengan pemeliharaan ayam yang lain. Fase starter ini memegang peranan penting ternak, anak ayam sangat sensitive terhadap penyakit. Anak ayam yang dipelihara dipisah dengan ayam dewasa. Menurut North (1990), sebaiknya 91 m dari kandang ayam yang lain. Lebih jauh lebih baik.
kandang ini pada dasarnya harus terisolasi baik dari segi manajemen maupun dari segi jarak.
Sebelum masuk kandang, petugas/orang harus disucihamakan dahulu melalui shower disinfectant dan memakai jas lab yang bersih. Pada perusahaan peternakan ayam yang besar. Pegawai yang pelihara anak ayam, khusus dan tidak ikut pelihara ayam dewasa.
-          Alat pemanas sebagai induk buatan
Biasanya ditempatkan di tengah2 atau di salah satu pojok dari kandang untuk memanasi udara di sekitarnya sesuai dengan yang diperlukan oleh anak ayam.
ada beberapa macam bentuk alat pemanas. Tergantung dari bahan bakar yang dipergunakan (minyak tanah, gas, tenaga listrik, dan kayu bakar)
temperature udara sekeliling induk buatan yang baik (optimum) untuk pertumbuhan ayam umur 1 hari -1 minggu adalah 95oF (35oC). Setiap minggu berikutnya. Temperature diturunkan 5oF sampai pertumbuhan bulu dari anak ayam tumbuh sempurna.
pada alat pemanas modern sudah dilengkapi dengan alat pengatur temperature.jumlah anak ayam yang dapat dipanasi dengan induk buatan sudah ada dalam petunjuk pemakaian.
dalam penelitian biasanya menggunakan lampu pijar sebagai  pemanas.



Umur (minggu)
Derajat fahrenheit
Derajat celcius
1
2
3
4
5
95
90
85
80
75
35
32,2




-          Kelembaban udara
Untuk memertahankan pertumbuhan bulu yang baik, pada 6 minggu pertama pemeliharaan kelembaban yang dibutuhkan sekitar 50%.
-          Floor space (kepadatan kandang) selama brooding
Luas tempat pemeliharaan yang harus disediakan untuk tiap ekor anak ayam tergantung pada jenis/strain
Untuk anak ayam yang akan dijadikan bibit sebaiknya dalam satu pen hanya dipelihara sekitar 400-500 ekor. Pemeliharaan jantan dan betina sebaiknya dipisah karena proses culling dan handlingnya berbeda.
jika populasi dalam kandang/tempat pemeliharaan terlalu padat, kematian akan bertambah dan pertumbuhan akan terhambat. Angka kematian sekirar 1% dalam minggu pertama masih dianggap wajar dan angka kematian 5% sampai ayam mulai bertelur masih dianggap berhasil.
-          Litter
Bahan yang umum digunakan yaitu sekam. Tongkol jagung yang dipotong-potong, potongan jerami, serbuk gergaji dan sebagainya.
ketebalan litter minimal 5 cm
Kelembaban litter yang baik sekitar 25%. Litter jangan terlalu kering, cenderung menambaah dehidreasi.
Tidak boleh terkena insektisida, herbisida, jamur, dan bahan kimia lain yang dapat membahayakan.
Jika telalu basah ventilasi perlu ditambah dengan menambah jumlah udara yang mengalir ke dalam kandang. Jika penambahan ventilasi belum bisa mengatasinya maka dapat dilakukan dengan mencampur dengan litter yang baru.
Lakukan dengan hati2 karena jamur sering tumbuh pada litter yang basah.
-          Pengelolaan selama brooding
Pergunakan lingkarang pembatas (brooder guard=chick guard) yang tinggunya kurang lebih 45 cm untuk menjaga agar anak ayam terkosentrasi pada daerah tempat makan/minum.
Jarank lingkaran pembatas dari tepi tudung induk buatan kira2 1m. bila tembperatur lingkungan pada malam hari < 30oC maka lingkaran pembatas sebaiknya dibuat dari karton/seng/triplek. Bila temperature >30oC dibuat dari kawat ram. Setelah anak ayam mengenali posisi sumber pemanas sebaiknya brooder guard diperluas.
Brooder guards digunakan sampai hari ke 6-9, setelah itu dipindahkan


Ilmu nutrisi ternak unggas


Nutrisi didapat dari makanan/ransum/pakan

Energy untuk ternak unggas
Diperlukan untuk :

1.       Pertumbuhan jaringan (jumlah dan besar sel tubuh)
2.       Aktivitas
3.       Memertahankan temperature tubuh
4.       Produksi telur

Kebutuhan energy dipengaruhi oleh:

-          Ukuran tubuh
-          Aktivitas
-          Temperature lingkungan
Sumber energy
-          Karbohidrat
-          Lemak
-          Protein

Unggas dengan manusia sama2 memiliki monogastrik yaitu berperut tunggal sehingga pemecahan karbohidrat yang bersumber dari polisakarida dan oligosakarida tidak dapat dilakukan. Makanannya sebagian besar adalah konsentrat. Makanan yang serat kasarnya rendah, mudah dicerna.
Berbeda dengan perut ruminansia yang memiliki lambung ganda, maka dapat makan karbohidrat yang bersumber dari polisakarida dan oligosakarida, seperti halnya serat kasar (rude fiber). Karena memunyai enzim selulosa dalam rumen, sehingga dapat mengubah selulosa menjadi energy.

Lemak merupakan sumber energy yang paling tinggi yaitu 2,25 kali lebih banyak dari karbohidrat.

Protein di dalam ransum ternak unggas jarang digunakan karena dari segi ekonomis harga mahal, dibandingkan dengan karbohidrat dan lemak. Dari segi pengembalian atau metabolism dalam tubuh memerlukan banyak energy dalam tubuh untuk mengubah protein itu sendiri untuk menjadi energy.

Karbohidrat energinya 4.15 kkal/g.

Lemak energinya 9,4 kkal/g berfungsi untuk :

-          Sumber energy
-          Pelarut vitamin
-          Mengurangi berdebunya ransum
-          Perekat, (terutama dalam ransum yang berbentuk pellet, dan crumble).
-          Citarasa

Glukosa jika tidak diubah oleh hormone insulin maka akan masuk ke dalam darah. Sehingga darah mengandung banyak gula.
Protein dalam tubuh akan di ubah menjadi asam2 amino.
Lemak juga dipecah menjadi gliserol dan asam2 lemak untuk diserap oleh tubuh.

Nilai cerna lemak akan dipengaruhi oleh :

1.       Jenis lemak
2.       Jumlah lemak dalam ransum. Max 3-8%
3.       Keadaan lemak (tengik=rancidity/ tidak)
Penyerapan lemak
Trigliserida  (ke) duodenum (ke) cairan empedu (ke) cairan empedu.
Enzim lipase (pancreas) diubah menjadi monogliserida dan asam lemak.

ME adalah energy bruto dikurangi energy feses dikurangi energy urin.
Energy feses dan urin dapat diukur diluar tubuh sehingga keakuratan di dalam energy metabolis itu lebih baik. Karena dalam pembuatan ransum, ransum itu seimbang.
NE adalah energy bruto- energy feses - energi urin – panas akibat metabolism zat2 makanan. Ransum yang tidak seimbang akan menyebabkan banyak panas yang hilang dalam proses metabolism zat2 makanan.

Untuk itu kandungan energy bahan makanan biasanya ditentukan juga oleh pengukuran ransum dan biasanya digunakan ME. Karena NE tidak bisa kita hitung panas akibat metabolism tubuhnya.

Kelebihan energy akan disimpan di dalam tubuh berupa lemak

Dalam metabolisable energy (energy metabolis) ada yang semu dan nyata (sejati)
AME (appearance ME) = semu

(Gef x X) – Ye                        sedangkan TME (true ME)                   (Gef x X) – (Yef – Yec)
        X                                                                                                                         X

Ket :
Gef = gross energy ransum
X = berat ransum
Ye = jumlah energy feses
Yef = jumlah energy feses (makan)
Yec = jumlah energy feses (tanpa makan)

Penghitungan energy feses dalam bentuk kering. Yang dianggap kadar airnya sama. Sehingga tidak terjadi kesalahan dalam penghitungan.

Unggas makan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energinya. Sehingga dalam menyusun ransum zat2 yang lain mengikuti daripada energy ransum tersebut.


Tingkat energy dalam ransum akan memengaruhi makanan yang dimakan. Semakin tinggi tingkat energy dalam ransum maka konsumsi semakin rendah.
Energy dalam ransum akan sedikit diubah menjadi lemak apabila proses pertumbuhan sedang berlangsung.
Missal. Broiler umur 6 minggu memerlukan lemak 4% dari berat badan, energy disimpan dalam tubuh berupa lemak setelah 6 minggu.
Pembatasan konsumsi energy (restricted feeding) pada unggas petelur sedang tumbuh penting untuk mencegah penimbunan lemak berlebihan.
Periode umur 8-22 minggu, unggas diberi ransum, untuk: pertumbuhan badan dan bulu tidak mengakibatkan penimbunan lemak (penting lapisan lemak perut) akan berpengaruh pada tubuh dan menutupi indung telur sehingga memengaruhi produksi.

Cara pembatasan konsumsi energy :

-          Menurunkan kualitas ransum (misalnya : diberi ransum energy rendah (2350kkal/kg) dan CF (SK) tinggi.)
-          Menurunkan kuantitas ransum (misalnya: jumlah yang dimakan 70 g/hari/ekor diturunkan menjadi 60g/ekor/hari.
Harapannya
-          berat badan turun 10% (lemaknya ga ada)
-          Dewasa kelamin mundur 2 minggu (saluran reproduksinya sudah betul2 siap)
Puncak produksi dan jumlah telur lebih tinggi 5 bulan lebih tinggi pada peneluran pertama daripada tidak dibatasi.
Ayam dara jenis pedaging (8-20 minggu)… (2400-2500 kkal/kg) hasil paling baik.


Kebutuhan energy unggas sedang bertelur

Ayam petelur produksi tinggi …300-320 kkal ME/ekor/hari pada temperature (20-24oC), bila temperature (30-35oC), konsumsi energy 10% lebih rendah, bila suhu (10-15oC) konsumsi energy 20-30% lebih tinggi. Peningkatan dan penurunan energy----terhadap konsumsi ransum.
Missal: menurunnya energy ransum 110 kkal/kg--- meningkatnya konsumsi ransum 3,5-4% dan sebaliknya.
Contoh : konsumsi ransum ayam petelur 100 g/ekor/hari, bila kandungan energy ransum 3000 kkal ME/kg, kalau energy ransum meningkat menjadi 3110 kkal ME/kg…berapa konsumsi ransumnya ? 96,4 g.
Induk ayam pedaging berproduksi tinggi---400-450 kkal ME/ekor/hari, diharapkan konsumsi energy 420 kkal ME/ekor/hari.

Kekurangan dan kelebihan energy

-          Kekurangan energy, terjadi bila unggas diberikan ransum berenergi rendah dan bahan ransum tak dapat dicerna (memenuhi tembolok dan saluran pencernaan).
2600 kkal/ME/kg rendah (dataran tinggi)
2400 kkal/ME/kg rendah (dataran rendah)
Bila ayam kekurangan energy untuk maintenan dan berfungsinya organ penting… berat badan ayam turun…. Mati.
Dalam keadaan kekurangan energy, simpanan energy dalam tubuh akan digunakan berturut-turut.





ILMU GIZI TERNAK UNGGAS

SNOW WHITE

Once upon a time in mid winter, when the snowflakes were falling like feathers from heaven, a beautiful queen sat sewing at her window, which had a frame of black ebony wood. As she sewed, she looked up at the snow and pricked her finger with her needle. Three drops of blood fell into the snow. The red on the white looked so beautiful, that she thought, “If only I had a child as white as snow, as red as blood, and as black as this frame.” Soon afterward she had a little daughter that was as white as snow, as red as blood, and as black as ebony wood, and therefore they called her Little Snow-White.
Now the queen was the most beautiful woman in all the land, and very proud of her beauty. She had a mirror, which she stood in front of every morning, and asked:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,
Who in this land is fairest of all?
And the mirror always said:
You, my queen, are fairest of all.
And then she knew for certain that no one in the world was more beautiful than she.
Now Snow-White grew up, and when she was seven years old, she was so beautiful, that she surpassed even the queen herself. Now when the queen asked her mirror:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,
Who in this land is fairest of all?
The mirror said:
You, my queen, are fair; it is true.
But Little Snow-White is still
A thousand times fairer than you.
When the queen heard the mirror say this, she became pale with envy, and from that hour on, she hated Snow-White. Whenever she looked at her, she thought that Snow-White was to blame that she was no longer the most beautiful woman in the world. This turned her heart around. Her jealousy gave her no peace. Finally she summoned a huntsman and said to him, “Take Snow-White out into the woods to a remote spot, and stab her to death. As proof that she is dead bring her lungs and her liver back to me. I shall cook them with salt and eat them.”
The huntsman took Snow-White into the woods. When he took out his hunting knife to stab her, she began to cry, and begged fervently that he might spare her life, promising to run away into the woods and never return. The huntsman took pity on her because she was so beautiful, and he thought, “The wild animals will soon devour her anyway. I’m glad that I don’t have to kill her.” Just then a young boar came running by. He killed it, cut out its lungs and liver, and took them back to the queen as proof of Snow-White’s death. She cooked them with salt and ate them, supposing that she had eaten Snow-White’s lungs and liver.
Snow-White was now all alone in the great forest. She was terribly afraid, and began to run. She ran over sharp stones and through thorns the entire day. Finally, just as the sun was about to set, she came to a little house. The house belonged to seven dwarfs. They were working in a mine, and not at home. Snow-White went inside and found everything to be small, but neat and orderly. There was a little table with seven little plates, seven little spoons, seven little knives and forks, seven little mugs, and against the wall there were seven little beds, all freshly made.
Snow-White was hungry and thirsty, so she ate a few vegetables and a little bread from each little plate, and from each little glass she drank a drop of wine. Because she was so tired, she wanted to lie down and go to sleep. She tried each of the seven little beds, one after the other, but none felt right until she came to the seventh one, and she lay down in it and fell asleep.
When night came, the seven dwarfs returned home from the work. They lit their seven little candles, and saw that someone had been in their house.
The first one said, “Who has been sitting in my chair?”
The second one, “Who has been eating from my plate?”
The third one, “Who has been eating my bread?”
The fourth one, “Who has been eating my vegetables?”
The fifth one, “Who has been sticking with my fork?”
The sixth one, “Who has been cutting with my knife?”
The seventh one, “Who has been drinking from my mug?”
Then the first one said, “Who stepped on my bed?”
The second one, “And someone has been lying in my bed.”
And so forth until the seventh one, and when he looked at his bed, he found Snow-White lying there, fast asleep. The seven dwarfs all came running, and they cried out with amazement. They fetched their seven candles and looked at Snow-White. “Good heaven! Good heaven!” they cried. “She is so beautiful!” They liked her very much. They did not wake her up, but let her lie there in the bed. The seventh dwarf had to sleep with his companions, one hour with each one, and then the night was done.
When Snow-White woke up, they asked her who she was and how she had found her way to their house. She told them how her mother had tried to kill her, how the huntsman had spared her life, how she had run the entire day, finally coming to their house. The dwarfs pitied her and said, “If you will keep house for us, and cook, sew, make beds, wash, and knit, and keep everything clean and orderly, then you can stay here, and you’ll have everything that you want. We come home in the evening, and supper must be ready by then, but we spend the days digging for gold in the mine. You will be alone then. Watch out for the queen, and do not let anyone in.”
The queen thought that she was again the most beautiful woman in the land, and the next morning she stepped before the mirror and asked:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,
Who in this land is fairest of all?
The mirror answered once again:
You, my queen, are fair; it is true.
But Little Snow-White beyond the seven mountains
Is a thousand times fairer than you.
It startled the queen to hear this, and she knew that she had been deceived, that the huntsman had not killed Snow-White. Because only the seven dwarfs lived in the seven mountains, she knew at once that they must have rescued her. She began to plan immediately how she might kill her, because she would have no peace until the mirror once again said that she was the most beautiful woman in the land. At last she thought of something to do. She disguised herself as an old peddler woman and colored her face, so that no one would recognize her, and went to the dwarf’s house. Knocking on the door she called out, “Open up. Open up. I’m the old peddler woman with good wares for sale.”
Snow-White peered out the window, “What do you have?”
“Bodice laces, dear child,” said the old woman, and held one up. It was braided from yellow, red, and blue silk. “Would you like this one?”
“Oh, yes,” said Snow-White, thinking, “I can let the old woman come in. She means well.” She unbolted the door and bargained for the bodice laces.
“You are not laced up properly,” said the old woman. “Come here, I’ll do it better.” Snow-White stood before her, and she took hold of the laces and pulled them so tight that Snow-White could not breathe, and she fell down as if she were dead. Then the old woman was satisfied, and she went away.
Nightfall soon came, and the seven dwarfs returned home. They were horrified to find their dear Snow-White lying on the ground as if she were dead. They lifted her up and saw that she was laced up too tightly. They cut the bodice laces in two, and then she could breathe, and she came back to life. “It must have been the queen who tried to kill you,” they said. “Take care and do not let anyone in again.”
The queen asked her mirror:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,
Who in this land is fairest of all?
The mirror answered once again:
You, my queen, are fair; it is true.
But Little Snow-White with the seven dwarfs
Is a thousand times fairer than you.
She was so horrified that the blood all ran to her heart, because she knew that Snow-White had come back to life. Then for an entire day and a night she planned how she might catch her. She made a poisoned comb, disguised herself differently, and went out again. She knocked on the door, but Snow-White called out, “I am not allowed to let anyone in.”
Then she pulled out the comb, and when Snow-White saw how it glistened, and noted that the woman was a complete stranger, she opened the door, and bought the comb from her. “Come, let me comb your hair,” said the peddler woman. She had barely stuck the comb into Snow-White’s hair, before the girl fell down and was dead. “That will keep you lying there,” said the queen. And she went home with a light heart.
The dwarfs came home just in time. They saw what had happened and pulled the poisoned comb from her hair. Snow-White opened her eyes and came back to life. She promised the dwarfs not to let anyone in again.
The queen stepped before her mirror:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,
Who in this land is fairest of all?
The mirror answered:
You, my queen, are fair; it is true.
But Little Snow-White with the seven dwarfs
Is a thousand times fairer than you.
When the queen heard this, she shook and trembled with anger, “Snow-White will die, if it costs me my life!” Then she went into her most secret room — no one else was allowed inside — and she made a poisoned, poisoned apple. From the outside it was red and beautiful, and anyone who saw it would want it. Then she disguised herself as a peasant woman, went to the dwarfs’ house and knocked on the door.
Snow-White peeped out and said, “I’m not allowed to let anyone in. The dwarfs have forbidden it most severely.”
“If you don’t want to, I can’t force you,” said the peasant woman. “I am selling these apples, and I will give you one to taste.”
“No, I can’t accept anything. The dwarfs don’t want me to.”
“If you are afraid, then I will cut the apple in two and eat half of it. Here, you eat the half with the beautiful red cheek!” Now the apple had been so artfully made that only the red half was poisoned. When Snow-White saw that the peasant woman was eating part of the apple, her desire for it grew stronger, so she finally let the woman hand her the other half through the window. She bit into it, but she barely had the bite in her mouth when she fell to the ground dead.
The queen was happy, went home, and asked her mirror:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,
Who in this land is fairest of all?
And it answered:
You, my queen, are fairest of all.
“Now I’ll have some peace,” she said, “because once again I’m the most beautiful woman in the land. Snow-White will remain dead this time.”
That evening the dwarfs returned home from the mines. Snow-White was lying on the floor, and she was dead. They loosened her laces and looked in her hair for something poisonous, but nothing helped. They could not bring her back to life. They laid her on a bier, and all seven sat next to her and cried and cried for three days. They were going to bury her, but they saw that she remained fresh. She did not look at all like a dead person, and she still had beautiful red cheeks. They had a glass coffin made for her, and laid her inside, so that she could be seen easily. They wrote her name and her ancestry on it in gold letters, and one of them always stayed at home and kept watch over her.
Snow-White lay there in the coffin a long, long time, and she did not decay. She was still as white as snow and as red as blood, and if she had been able to open her eyes, they still would have been as black as ebony wood. She lay there as if she were asleep.
One day a young prince came to the dwarfs’ house and wanted shelter for the night. When he came into their parlor and saw Snow-White lying there in a glass coffin, illuminated so beautifully by seven little candles, he could not get enough of her beauty. He read the golden inscription and saw that she was the daughter of a king. He asked the dwarfs to sell him the coffin with the dead Snow-White, but they would not do this for any amount of gold. Then he asked them to give her to him, for he could not live without being able to see her, and he would keep her, and honor her as his most cherished thing on earth. Then the dwarfs took pity on him and gave him the coffin.
The prince had it carried to his castle, and had it placed in a room where he sat by it the whole day, never taking his eyes from it. Whenever he had to go out and was unable to see Snow-White, he became sad. And he could not eat a bite, unless the coffin was standing next to him. Now the servants who always had to carry the coffin to and fro became angry about this. One time one of them opened the coffin, lifted Snow-White upright, and said, “We are plagued the whole day long, just because of such a dead girl,” and he hit her in the back with his hand. Then the terrible piece of apple that she had bitten off came out of her throat, and Snow-White came back to life.
She walked up to the prince, who was beside himself with joy to see his beloved Snow-White alive. They sat down together at the table and ate with joy.
Their wedding was set for the next day, and Snow-White’s godless mother was invited as well. That morning she stepped before the mirror and said:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,
Who in this land is fairest of all?
The mirror answered:
You, my queen, are fair; it is true.
But the young queen
Is a thousand times fairer than you.
She was horrified to hear this, and so overtaken with fear that she could not say anything. Still, her jealousy drove her to go to the wedding and see the young queen. When she arrived she saw that it was Snow-White. Then they put a pair of iron shoes into the fire until they glowed, and she had to put them on and dance in them. Her feet were terribly burned, and she could not stop until she had danced herself to death.

Sifat kimia dan fisik telur

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