lutung kasarung story

Prabu Tapa Agung had led a kingdom in West Java for a long time. He was getting old and therefore wanted to choose a successor. But unfortunately, he had no son. He thought of choosing one of his daughters, Purbararang and Purbasari. But it wasn’t an easy choice. They were both very pretty and smart. The only difference was their temperament. Purbararang was rude and dishonest, while Purbasari was kind and caring. With those considerations, Prabu Tapa Agung finally chose Purbasari to be his successor.



Purbararang didn’t agree with her father’s decision. “It’s supposed to be me, Father. I’m the eldest daughter!” Purbararang said. Prabu Tapa Agung smiled. “Purbararang, to be a queen takes more than age. There are many other qualities that one must possess,” explained Prabu Tapa Agung wisely. “What does Purbasari have that I don’t?” Purbararang pouted. “You’ll find out when Purbasari has replaced me,” Prabu Tapa Agung answered.



After the discussion, Purbararang went back to her room. “Is there something wrong?” asked Indrajaya. Indrajaya is Purbararang’s future husband. “I’m upset! Father chose Purbasari as his successor and not me! I have to do something!” Purbararang said. Driven mad by her anger, she came to a witch and asked her to send rash all over Purbasari’s body. Before going to bed, Purbasari started to feel itch all over her body. She tried applying powder to her body, but it’s no use. Instead, the itching grew even worse. She didn’t want to scratch it, but she just couldn’t help it. In the next morning, there were scratch mark all over Purbasari’s body. “What happened to you?” asked Purbararang, pretending to be concerned. “I don’t know, sis. Last night, my body suddenly felt very itchy. I scratched and scratched, and this is what happened,” Purbasari answered. Purbararang shook her head. “You must have done something really awful. You’ve been punished by the gods!”



That day, the whole kingdom was scandalized. “What have you done, Purbasari?” demanded Prabu Tapa Agung. Purbasari shook her head. “I didn’t do anything that would upset the gods, Father,” she answered. “Then how can you explain what happened to your body?” Prabu Tapa Agung asked again. “If you don’t confess, I’ll banish you to the woods.” Purbasari took a deep breath. “Like I said before, I didn’t do anything wrong. And I’d rather be thrown into the woods than to confess to a deed I didn’t commit.”



After a short discussion with his advisor, Prabu Tapa Agung ordered Purbasari to be moved to the woods. Purbasari was very sad, but she couldn’t do anything to defy her father’s order. She was accompanied to the woods by a messenger. He built a simple hut for Purbasari. After the messenger left, suddenly a black monkey came to Purbasari’s hut. He carried a bunch of bananas. From behind him, some animals looked on. “Are the bananas for me?’ Purbasari asked. The black monkey nodded, as if he understood what Purbasari said. Purbasari took the bananas with pleasure. She also said thanks. The other animals that were looking on also seemed to smile. “Are you willing to be my friend?” Purbasari asked them. All the animals nodded happily. Although she was living by herself in the woods, Purbasari never lacked of supplies. Everyday, there were always animals bringing her fruits and fish to eat.



A long time had passed since Purbasari was banished to the woods, but her body still itched. At some places, her skin was even ulcerating. What am I supposed to do?” Purbasari sighed. The monkey who was sitting next to her stayed still, there were tears in his eyes. He hoped Purbasari would remain patient and strong.



One night, on a full moon, the monkey took Purbasari to a valley. There is a pond with hot spring water. The monkey suddenly spoke, “The water of this pond will heal your skin,” he said. Purbasari was surprised, ”You can talk? Who are you?” she asked. “You’ll find out, in time,” the monkey said. Purbasari didn’t want to force the monkey. She then walked to the pond. She bathed there. After a few hours, Purbasari walked out of the pond. She was shocked to see her face reflected on the clear pond water. Her face was beautiful again, with smooth and clean skin. Purbasari observed her entire body. There were no traces of any skin ailments. “I’m cured! I’m cured!” Purbasari shouted in joy. She quickly offered thanks to the gods and also to the monkey.



The news of Purbasari’s condition quickly spread to the kingdom, irritating Purbararang. She then accompanied by Indrajaya go to the woods to see Purbasari. Purbasari asked if she would be allowed to go home. Purbararang said she would let Purbasari return to the palace if Purbasari’s hair were longer than hers. Purbararang then let her hair down. It was so long, it almost touched the ground. But it turned out that Purbasari’s hair was twice longer than Purbararang’s hair.



“Fine, so your hair is longer than mine.” Purbararang admitted. “But there is one more condition you must fulfill, do you have a future husband who is handsomer than mine?” said Purbararang as she walked toward Indrajaya. Purbasari felt miserable. She didn’t have a future husband yet. So, without much thought, she pulled the black monkey beside her.



Purbararang and Indrajaya burst out, but their laughter didn’t last long. The monkey meditates and suddenly transformed into a very handsome young man, a lot more handsome than Indrajaya. “I’m a prince from a kingdom far away. I was cursed to be a monkey because of a mistake I committed. I could regain my true form only if there’s a girl who would be willing to be my wife,” said the young man.



Finally, Purbararang gave up. She accepted Purbasari as the queen, and also confessed everything she had done. “Please forgive me. Please don’t punish me,” Purbararang said, asking for forgiveness. Instead of being angry, Purbasari smiled. “I forgive you, sis,” she said. Soon after, Purbasari become queen. Beside her was the handsome prince, the former monkey known as Lutung Kasarung.

Tatalaksana padang pengembalaan tropika

Pasture (padang rumput) establishment
- Mulai ditanam sampai panen
- Factor yang berpengaruh:
· Keadaan tanah


Dari sisi topografi, dan kesuburan. Miring atau datar, berbukit atau tidak, subur atau tidak.
· Bibit/benih

1.Kualitas. Diukur dengan :
a. % germinasi (proses perkecambahan)
b.% caryopsis
c. % PLS
d. Dormance (sifat dorman). Ada yang bersifat fisik D (diatasi dengan skarifikasi), dan ada yang bersifat psyological D



2.Kuantitas
a. Jenis
b. Luas pasture

· Iklim

· Tatalaksana

· Gulma/weed

· Penyakit




Tahapan establishment
1. Persiapan lahan
2. Persiapan bibit
3. Penanaman
4. Pemupukan (sebelum dan sesudah)
5. Pemeliharaan (kompetisi, irigasi)
6. Pemanenan (umur, kebutuhan)

Persiapan lahan :

- Lokasi cocok (cari yang ideal), cuaca yang cukup, dekat dengan sumber air, tidak berbukit atau terjal.
- Land clearing (permbersihan lahan), dengan cara selektif (tanaman yang bisa untuk makanan ternak dibiarkan) dan ada beberapa tanaman yang dibiarkan untuk tujuan naungan.
- Tillage (pengolahan lahan), lihat kondisi lahan. Bakar tidak dianjurkan (membunuh mikroba dan makroba tanah, komposisi tanah berubah jadi panas karena terdapat banyak karbon hasil dari pembakaran)
· Zero tillage (tidak perlu diolah)
· Weed (disemprot)
· Tergantung biji. Apakah harus ditabur, dll.







Untuk menentukan sowing rate (jumlah biji yang dubutuhkan per satuan luas lahan/ Ha) akan sangat bergantung pada ukuran biji. Jumlah tidak dihitung, biasanya satuannya kg.
Persiapan bibit:

- Sumber bibit (harus tau)
- % germinasi
- Kemurnian biji
- Skarifikasi

Penanaman :

- Disebarkan (broad cast)
- Drilling/dibuatkan lubang (dalam tidaknya lubang, tergantung ukuran biji). Biasanya lubang berkisar antara 1-1,5 cm. jika terlalu dalam maka proses muncul tunas setelah perkecambahan ke atas permukaan tanah akan semakin lama. Sedangkan jika terlalu dangkal maka kelembaban akan kurang.


Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan (ada 3 fase)

1. Fase germinasi

Mulai dari imbibisi sampai plumule(akan menjadi pucuk) dan radicle (akan menjadi akar). Kemudian terangkat kepermukaan tanah.

2. Fase establishment (pembentukan dan pengembangan pasture/ mulai dari panen dan pemanfaatan)

a. Legume/berpolong, kacang-kacangan ditandai dengan: akar utama dan akar cabang

b. Rumput ditandai dengan: akar serabut dan anakan

c. Pertumbuhan lebih lanjut ditandai dengan: anakan, cabang, stolon, merambat, hingga terjadinya pembungaan pertama.

3. Fase konsolidasi / thickening (perapatan)/(pertumbuhan generasi ke-2)

Biji-biji yang terbentuk pertama jatuh ketanah (tumbuh).

Bromo mountain

Long long time ago there lived a couple in the village near the top of mount Bromo. Joko Seger is his name. He lived peacefully with his wife Roro Anteng. But they were not happy because after some time they did not have any children. Then Joko Seger meditated in mount Bromo asking for god to give them children.
 

Some times later Joko Seger had a dream. In his dream he was told that he would have descendants but on one condition. The god asked him to sacrifice his children to the crater of mount Bromo. If he refused to sacrifice, then the god will be angry. Without thinking twice Joko Seger agreed to the condition.
 
After that every year Roro Anteng gave birth to twenty five children. They were very happy and they loved their children so much that they were reluctant to sacrifice them to the crater. They did not give anything to the crater. Then something happened.
 

One day there was a big eruption of mount Bromo. Smoke, fire, hot cloud of ash came out of its crater. The earth was trembling. The sky was dark. Animals ran away from the mountain. People were very scared since some of them became victims of the hot cloud.
 

Joko Seger and Roro Anteng remembered their promise to god. He realized that god was very angry. So he decided to sacrifice one of his sons. Then he went to the crater with his youngest son Kusuma. Because Joko Seger did not really want to sacrifice his son to the crater, he tried to hide him. But suddenly an eruption began and made Kusuma fall. Afterwards, Kusuma, who had fell to the crater, gave a voice, "I have to be sacrificed by my parents so that you will all stay alive. From now on, you should arrange an annual offering ceremony on the 14th of Kesodo (the twelfth month of Tenggerese calender.)" 

Since then on Joko Seger and Roro Anteng gave offerings to the crater. Every year on the 14th day of the month of Kesada the people of Tengger held a ceremony to give offerings.

Toba lake

Once upon a time there was a prosperous village in a far away island called Sumatra. In northern part of the island, lived a farmer whose name was Toba. He lived alone in a hut by a small forest. He worked on his farmland to grow rice and vegetables that he sells to local market. Once day he wanted to catch some fish so he went to a river and fished there. He was very surprised when he got a big fish. The fish was as big as human being. Soon he went home and put the fish in his kitchen. He planned to cook the fish for his dinner that night. When he got to his house that afternoon he took a bath. Then as he walked into his bedroom after taking a bath Toba was very shocked. Do you want to know what happened?

There stood in his living room a very beautiful girl. The girl greeted him nicely. For a moment Toba was speechless. When he could control his emotion he asked her.

‘Who are you? What’s your name? Why suddenly you are here in my house?’

‘Pardon me if I surprised you Mr. Toba, but you took me here. I was the fish that you caught in the river. Now that I become a human being again, I would like to thank you and I will be your servant to express my thankfulness’

‘Were you the fish?’

‘Yes, I was the fish. Look at your kitchen’.

Toba immediately rushed to his kitchen and the fish was nowhere to be seen. He saw some gold coins instead.

‘Whose coins are these? Why there are some coins here?’

‘Those coins are mine. As I changed into human being my scales changed into gold coins’

‘Ok you can live here and work for me. Your room is over there’

‘Thank you very much Mr. Toba’

Since that day the beautiful girl lived in Toba’s house. Since she was very beautiful Toba fell in love with her and not long after that they got married. The girl married to Toba on one condition that he would never tell anybody about her past. Toba agreed to the condition. Several months later Toba’s wife delivered to a baby boy. Their son was healthy. Soon he grew up into a handsome boy. Toba named him Samosir. Unfortunately Samosir was a lazy boy. He did not want to work at all. When his father worked hard in his rice field and farm, Samosir just slept. When he was awake he talked a lot and he ate a lot. Toba was very disappointed with his son’s nature. He hoped that one day Samosir would change into a diligent boy. Day in and day out but Samosir never changed.

Toba used to go to his farm and rice field early in the morning. Then at midday his wife would bring him food. They used to eat lunch at their farm. As he was a teenager Toba and his wife tried to change his behavior. They ordered Samosir to bring food for his father for lunch while her mother stayed at home to do household chores. But Samosir never did his duty well. He always woke up very late. He woke up after midday. Then one day his mother forced him to bring the food.

‘Sam, wake up. Go to the farm and bring the food for your father. He must be very tired and hungry now’.

But Mom, I am tired and hungry too’

‘What makes you tired? You just wake up. Go now. You father needs the food’

Toba reluctantly went to the farm. But he did not go to the farm immediately. He stopped somewhere in the street and ate the food. It was already late afternoon when he got to the farm. His father was disappointed. Then he was angry as he realized that his son had eaten his food. He said sarcastically.

‘O, you are stupid lazy boy. You are son of a fish!’

Samosir was hurt. He went home right away and as he got home he told his mother about his father’s words. Samosir’s mother was shocked. She was also deeply hurt.

‘O Toba. You break your promise so I cannot live with you here anymore. Now you have to accept to consequence of what you did. Samosir, now go to the hill, find the tallest tree and climb it’

‘Why mom? What will happen?’

‘Just do it, never ask any question. Good bye’

As soon as she finished saying that suddenly the weather changed. Sunny day suddenly turned into cloudy day. Not long after that the rain poured heavily. The rain last for several days. Consequently the area was flooded. The whole area became a big lake. Then it was called Lake Toba and in the middle of the lake there is an island called Samosir Island. Meanwhile Toba’s wife disappeared.

Lake Toba is located in the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Today it becomes a tourist destination.

Lake Maninjau

Long ago, in an area in west sumatra, there is a very active volcano named Mount Tinjau. In one village at the foot of Tinjau's brothers lived ten people consisting of nine men and one woman. Ordinary citizens about their call Bujang Sembilan. These ten brothers are Kukuban, Kudun, Bayua, Malintang, Galapuang, Balok, Batang,Bayang, and the youngest man named Kaciak. While their brother the youngest was a girl named Siti Rasani, nicknamed Sani. Both their parents died long ago, so Kukuban as the eldest son became the head of household. All decisions in his hand.

Tenth brothers lived in a house of their parents' heritage. To make ends meet, they worked on farms large enough legacy of their parents. They are very skilled at farming, because they diligently to help his father and mother when they were alive. In addition, they are also guided by their uncle named Datuk Limbatang, which they called Engku familiar.

Datuk Limbatang is a mamak in the village and has a son named Giran. As a mamak, Datuk Limbatang have great responsibility to educate and watched the life of its citizens, including the nephew's tenth man. For that, every other day, he visited the house Kukuban brothers to teach them farming skills and various customs procedures for the area. Not infrequently Datuk Limbatang also took his wife and son to participate with him.

maninjau lakes view

On one day, when Datuk Limbatang with his wife and visited the house of Bujang Sembilan, Sani accidentally exchanged Giran. Apparently, both boys and girls are equally placed liver. Sani was invited to meet Giran in a field on the riverbank. With hearts pounding, Giran even express his feelings to Sani.

Datuk Limbatang wanted to marry his son with Sani. But the elder brother Sani, Kukuban, did not agree because Giran has been embarrass him in the martial arts arena. But eventually Datuk Limbatang not force.

One day, Giran found treat wounds in the thigh Sani. But people think they do custom distortion. Sani and Garin brought to court. They try to convince citizens that they did not do anything.

After that, of the second Giran lifted his hand to the sky and praying. "My God! Please hear and grant our prayers. If we were really guilty, destroy our bodies in the water hot crater of this mountain. However, if we are not guilty, this mountain letuskanlah and curses Bujang Sembilan to fish!"

It turned out that prayer was answered. Sani and Giran jump down and submerged in the water crater. Mountain erupted, Bujang Sembilan into fish. Over time the crater of Mount View expanded and formed a lake which we now know as Lake Maninjau

jaka tarub and seven angels

Once upon a time there was a widow who lived in the village of Dadapan.  She had a son whose name was Joko Tarup.  Dadapan village was close to a wood so Joko Tarup liked to go to the wood.  He liked hunting for animals with his blowpipe.

One day when he was in the wood he saw a beautiful rainbow and he saw seven angels went down through it.  He came closer and searched for them.  The seven angels were swimming and taking a bath in a lake.  Joko Tarup looked at them while hiding behind trees.  When they had finished taking a bath, they flew through the rainbow to heaven. 

The next day he saw the same thing again.  This time Joko Tarup had an idea.  He searched for their dress and when he found them he took one of them.  As they had finished swimming and taking a bath, they looked for their dress.  One of them could not find her dress.  Her friends had to come back to heaven so they left her.  She was crying while staying in the water.  Joko Tarup approached her.

‘Why are you crying lady?’

‘I lose my dress so I cannot go home’

‘Where is your home?’

‘I live in heaven.  I’m an angel.  My name is Nawang Wulan.  But I lose my dress so I cannot fly anymore’

‘I you don’t mind I will take my mother’s dress for you’

‘OK, please do’

‘Wait for me here, I’ll be back’

Then Joko Tarup went home to take her mother’s dress and gave it to Nawang Wulan.  He asked her to stay at her house with his mother.  Not long after that Joko Tarup married Nawang Wulan. 

As an angel Nawang Wulan had spiritual power.  She had ability which far above human being.  She could cook rice with just a bar of rice and when it had done the bowl will be full of rice.  But there was one condition.  The bowl must not be opened before it has done.  Joko Tarup was very surprised with her wife’s ability. He was very curious about it.  So when Nawang Wulan was away he opened the bowl.  Consequently Nawang’s spiritual power disappeared.  She had to cook as ordinary human being.   

Several months later Nawang Wulan gave birth to a beautiful baby girl.  Her name was Nawang Sih.  The birth of Nawang Sih added happiness to Joko Tarup and Nawang Wulan.

Since Nawang Wulan could not cook efficiently anymore, she needed more rice than usual.  The stock of rice in their store room diminished rapidly.  Then one day when she took rice there she was very surprised.  Nawang Wulan found her angel dress.  It was hidden there under piles of rice.  She immediately wore it and talked to Joko Tarup. 

‘My dear husband, now I know what you did to me’

‘Forgive me, my dear.  I admit that I did this because I love you’

‘I love you too.  But now I find my dress.  I must come back to heaven.  I am an angel.  My place is not here.  I have to go now’.

‘How about Nawang Sih?  She needs you’

‘I will leave her but don’t worry.  I will take care of her.  Anytime she needs me I will be here.  For that purpose please build a tower. When Nawang Sih cries put her there then call my name. I will come immediately.  But I will be invisible to you.  Good bye dear’

Then Joko Tarup built a tower behind his house.  Every time Nawang Sih cried he would put her there.  Nawang Wulan would come and take care of Nawang Sih.

Ilmu nutrisi ternak unggas

Nutrisi didapat dari makanan/ransum/pakan

Energy untuk ternak unggas

Diperlukan untuk :

1.       Pertumbuhan jaringan (jumlah dan besar sel tubuh)

2.       Aktivitas

3.       Memertahankan temperature tubuh

4.       Produksi telur

Kebutuhan energy dipengaruhi oleh:

-          Ukuran tubuh

-          Aktivitas

-          Temperature lingkungan

Sumber energy

-          Karbohidrat

-          Lemak

-          Protein

Unggas dengan manusia sama2 memiliki monogastrik yaitu berperut tunggal sehingga pemecahan karbohidrat yang bersumber dari polisakarida dan oligosakarida tidak dapat dilakukan. Makanannya sebagian besar adalah konsentrat. Makanan yang serat kasarnya rendah, mudah dicerna.

Berbeda dengan perut ruminansia yang memiliki lambung ganda, maka dapat makan karbohidrat yang bersumber dari polisakarida dan oligosakarida, seperti halnya serat kasar (rude fiber). Karena memunyai enzim selulosa dalam rumen, sehingga dapat mengubah selulosa menjadi energy.

Lemak merupakan sumber energy yang paling tinggi yaitu 2,25 kali lebih banyak dari karbohidrat.

Protein di dalam ransum ternak unggas jarang digunakan karena dari segi ekonomis harga mahal, dibandingkan dengan karbohidrat dan lemak. Dari segi pengembalian atau metabolism dalam tubuh memerlukan banyak energy dalam tubuh untuk mengubah protein itu sendiri untuk menjadi energy.

Karbohidrat energinya 4.15 kkal/g.

Lemak energinya 9,4 kkal/g berfungsi untuk :

-          Sumber energy

-          Pelarut vitamin

-          Mengurangi berdebunya ransum

-          Perekat, (terutama dalam ransum yang berbentuk pellet, dan crumble).

-          Citarasa

Glukosa jika tidak diubah oleh hormone insulin maka akan masuk ke dalam darah. Sehingga darah mengandung banyak gula.

Protein dalam tubuh akan di ubah menjadi asam2 amino.

Lemak juga dipecah menjadi gliserol dan asam2 lemak untuk diserap oleh tubuh.

Nilai cerna lemak akan dipengaruhi oleh :

1.       Jenis lemak

2.       Jumlah lemak dalam ransum. Max 3-8%

3.       Keadaan lemak (tengik=rancidity/ tidak)

Penyerapan lemak

Trigliserida  (ke) duodenum (ke) cairan empedu (ke) cairan empedu.

Enzim lipase (pancreas) diubah menjadi monogliserida dan asam lemak.

ME adalah energy bruto dikurangi energy feses dikurangi energy urin.

Energy feses dan urin dapat diukur diluar tubuh sehingga keakuratan di dalam energy metabolis itu lebih baik. Karena dalam pembuatan ransum, ransum itu seimbang.

NE adalah energy bruto- energy feses - energi urin – panas akibat metabolism zat2 makanan. Ransum yang tidak seimbang akan menyebabkan banyak panas yang hilang dalam proses metabolism zat2 makanan.

Untuk itu kandungan energy bahan makanan biasanya ditentukan juga oleh pengukuran ransum dan biasanya digunakan ME. Karena NE tidak bisa kita hitung panas akibat metabolism tubuhnya.

Kelebihan energy akan disimpan di dalam tubuh berupa lemak

Dalam metabolisable energy (energy metabolis) ada yang semu dan nyata (sejati)

AME (appearance ME) = semu

(Gef x X) – Ye                        sedangkan TME (true ME)                   (Gef x X) – (Yef – Yec)

        X                                                                                                                         X

Ket :

Gef = gross energy ransum

X = berat ransum

Ye = jumlah energy feses

Yef = jumlah energy feses (makan)

Yec = jumlah energy feses (tanpa makan)

Penghitungan energy feses dalam bentuk kering. Yang dianggap kadar airnya sama. Sehingga tidak terjadi kesalahan dalam penghitungan.

Unggas makan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energinya. Sehingga dalam menyusun ransum zat2 yang lain mengikuti daripada energy ransum tersebut.